If the base excess is greater than 12, what type of acidosis is indicated?

A base excess greater than 12 indicates a significant metabolic acidosis condition. In metabolic acidosis, the body experiences a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3-) or an increase in acid, leading to a lower pH. The base excess measurement helps assess the metabolic component by indicating how much base is needed to bring the blood pH back to normal. A positive base excess (especially greater than 12) signals a surplus of bicarbonate that can correct an acidic environment, thus implying that the body is in a state of excessive acid load or bicarbonate loss typical of metabolic acidosis.

In summary, a base excess greater than 12 not only signals a high level of metabolic disturbance but is directly associated with metabolic acidosis due to the body's attempts and needs to maintain homeostasis under acidotic conditions.